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Parts & their functions [ edit ] This complex "biological membrane" contains several parts and each of those parts have a specific function: Phospholipid Bilayer , or otherwise known as the "Lipid Bilayer", is one of the largest parts of the cell membrane. It contains two layers of  phospholipids  (phosphate heads + lipid tails) and allows small molecules such as  water, oxygen and carbon dioxide  to enter or leave the cell. Proteins  can be found within or on the surface of the cell membrane and are able to do many vital functions: Proteins transport large molecules in and out of cells (transportation), regulate chemical reactions that happen around the cell membrane (enzyme activity), send messages to other cells (messengers), recognize cell invaders/harmful cells (cell recognition), and proteins reinforce the structure of the cell membrane (support). Carbohydrate Chains , or  glycolipids/glycoproteins , are chains found on the surface of the cell me

Parts & their functions This complex "biological membrane" contains several parts and each of those parts have a specific function: Phospholipid Bilayer , or otherwise known as the "Lipid Bilayer", is one of the largest parts of the cell membrane. It contains two layers of  phospholipids  (phosphate heads + lipid tails) and allows small molecules such as  water, oxygen and carbon dioxide  to enter or leave the cell. Proteins  can be found within or on the surface of the cell membrane and are able to do many vital functions: Proteins transport large molecules in and out of cells (transportation), regulate chemical reactions that happen around the cell membrane (enzyme activity), send messages to other cells (messengers), recognize cell invaders/harmful cells (cell recognition), and proteins reinforce the structure of the cell membrane (support). Carbohydrate Chains , or  glycolipids/glycoproteins , are chains found on the surface of the cell membrane th

FENUGREEK Overview Information Fenugreek is an herb similar to clover that is native to the Mediterranean region, southern Europe, and western Asia. The seeds are used in cooking, to make medicine, or to hide the taste of other medicine. Fenugreek seeds smell and taste somewhat like maple syrup. Fenugreek leaves are eaten in India as a vegetable. Fenugreek is taken by mouth for digestive problems such as loss of appetite, upset stomach, constipation, inflammation of the stomach (gastritis). Fenugreek is also used for diabetes, painful menstruation, menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome, arthritis, poor thyroid function, and obesity. It is also used for conditions that affect heart health such as "hardening of the arteries" (atherosclerosis) and for high blood levels of certain fats including cholesterol and triglycerides. Fenugreek is used for kidney ailments, a vitamin deficiency disease called beriberi, mouth ulcers, boils, bronchitis, infection of the tissues beneath

Strategies for controlling CRISPR/Cas9 off-target effects and biological variations in mammalian genome editing experiments. Highlights • CRISPR/Cas9  off-target effects (OTEs) can confound interpretation of results. • Considerations on picking proper host cells and genes for  CRISPR editing discussed. • Mitigation of OTEs via gRNA design and controlled exposure of Cas9/gRNAs discussed. • Approaches on controlling CRISPR OTEs and biological variations discussed. • Strategies discussed here applicable to all  genome editing experiments. Abstract The CRISPR/Cas9 system has enabled efficient modification of genes in a variety of cellular systems for studying phenotypic effects of genetic perturbations. However, with this technology comes the inherent risk of generating off-target effects (OTEs) in addition to the desired modifications. As such, it can be difficult to conclusively determine that the observed phenotypic changes are in fact due to the intende

Abstract Background:  Suboptimal radiofrequency ablation (RF) lesions may result from either poor catheter tip-tissue contact, or inadequate energy deposition resulting in discontinuous or non-transmural lesions. A system and method were assessed for using real-time optical tissue interrogation within the NADH fluorescence range to evaluate contact between the RF catheter tip and myocardium, monitor the progression of ablation lesions, linear lesions and evaluation of new multi-directional monitoring from the catheter tip in real time during RF delivery. Methods And Results:  An irrigated RF ablation catheter incorporating imaging optics (LuxCath, LLC) was inserted transvenously into the heart chambers of 9 anesthetized swine. Light (360 + /-25nm) was delivered into the cardiac tissue. The fluoresced response from 370 nm to 660 nm was captured via spectrometer and analyzed in real time. Spectral data was acquired pre, during, and post formation of the RF lesions. Two types of plot

Encapsulating genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in a flow-through device towards the detection of diclofenac in wastewater. Abstract Recently it has been proposed to use sensors based on genetically engineered reporter cells to perform continuous online water monitoring. Here we describe the design, assembly and performance of a novel flow-through device with immobilized genetically modified yeast cells that produce a fluorescent protein upon stimulation with diclofenac whose intensity is then detected by fluorescence microscopy. Although other devices employing immobilized cells for the detection of various analytes have already been described before, as novelty our system allows safe enclosure of the sensor cells, and thus, to obtain fluorescent signals that are not falsified by a loss of cells. Furthermore, the yeast cells are prevented from being released into the environment. Despite the safe containment, the immobilized reporter cells are accessible to n