A pioneer in biotechnology Har Gobind Khorana is credited with making the first synthetic genes by cutting and pasting DNA bits Jacob Koshy Who was Har Gobind Khorana? Nobel Laureate Har Gobind Khorana’s contributions to biology are of contemporary relevance for some of the most exciting areas such as synthetic biology and gene editing. A Google Doodle on Tuesday to mark the 96th birth anniversary of the Indianorigin American scientist this week stoked much interest in his work. What were his contributions to biology? After James Watson and Francis Crick found that DNA (Deoxy ribonucleic acid) had a doublehelix structure, Khorana was among thos...
Strategies for controlling CRISPR/Cas9 off-target effects and biological variations in mammalian genome editing experiments. Highlights • CRISPR/Cas9 off-target effects (OTEs) can confound interpretation of results. • Considerations on picking proper host cells and genes for CRISPR editing discussed. • Mitigation of OTEs via gRNA design and controlled exposure of Cas9/gRNAs discussed. • Approaches on controlling CRISPR OTEs and biological variations discussed. • Strategies discussed here applicable to all genome editing experiments. Abstract The CRISPR/Cas9 system has enabled efficient modification of genes in a variety of cellular systems for studying phenotypic effects of genetic perturbations. However, with this technology comes the inherent risk of generating off-target effects (OTEs) in addition to the desired modifications. As such, it can be difficult to conclusively determine that the observed phenotypic changes are in fact due ...
Parts & their functions This complex "biological membrane" contains several parts and each of those parts have a specific function: Phospholipid Bilayer , or otherwise known as the "Lipid Bilayer", is one of the largest parts of the cell membrane. It contains two layers of phospholipids (phosphate heads + lipid tails) and allows small molecules such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide to enter or leave the cell. Proteins can be found within or on the surface of the cell membrane and are able to do many vital functions: Proteins transport large molecules in and out of cells (transportation), regulate chemical reactions that happen around the cell membrane (enzyme activity), send messages to other cells (messengers), recognize cell invaders/harmful cells (cell recognition), and proteins reinforce the structure of the cell membrane (support). Carbohydrate Chains , or glycolipids/glycoproteins , are chains found on the surface of the cell me...
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